Indane derivatives for antipsychotic compositions

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel indane-like compounds which can be useful for treating psychosis and other conditions associated with the modulation of a muscarinic receptor. The invention provides formulations and methods for using the novel compounds.

This application is a 371 of PCT/US97/00997 filed Jan. 22, 1997 which claims benefit of Ser. No. 60/010,287, filed Jan. 22, 1996.

The present invention relates to novel indane-like compounds and to formulations containing such indane-like compounds as an active ingredient for pharmaceutical or veterinary use.

Currently there are many drugs available for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system. Amongst these drugs is a category known as antipsychotics for treating serious mental conditions such as psychosis, including but not limited to schizophrenia and schizophreniform illnesses. The skilled artisan will recognize that these psychotic conditions are characterized by hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized behavior which indicate that the patient suffers from gross impairment in reality testing. Drugs having said antipsychotic activity can be useful for treating a variety of important psychotic disorders. The drugs commercially available for such conditions are often associated with undesirable side effects. There is a need for additional therapeutic choices to control or eliminate the symptoms in the safest and most effective way. Furthermore, patients often do not respond or only partially respond to present drug treatment, and estimates of such partial- or non-responders has varied between 40% and 80% of those treated.

Ever since antipsychotics were introduced it has been observed that patients are liable to suffer from drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms which include drug-induced Parkinsonism, acute dystonic reactions, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia. The Simpson Angus Scale, Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) are well known scales for assessing extrapyramidal symptoms. The great majority of drugs available for treatment of schizophrenia are prone to produce these extrapyramidal side effects when used at dosages that yield a beneficial effect on the symptoms of the disease. The severity of adverse events and/or lack of efficacy in a considerable number of patients frequently results in poor compliance or termination of treatment.

Many of the drugs are associated with a sedative effect and may also have an undesirable influence on the affective symptoms of the disease, causing depression. In some instances long term use of the drug leads to irreversible conditions, such as the tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia referred to supra.

A widely-used antipsychotic, haloperidol, is one such drug, which has been reported as causing a high incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms and may also cause tardive dyskinesia. More recently, clozapine, one of a large group of heterocyclic antipsychotics, has been introduced with the claim that it is free from extrapyramidal effects. However, the compound was found to cause agranulocytosis in some patients, a condition resulting in a lowered white blood cell count which can be life-threatening, and it may now only be employed under very strict medical observation and supervision.

Therefore, new compounds having antipsychotic activity are highly desired.

The present invention provides a compound of the Formula I:

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR⁴, —SRS, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, halo, —CN, S(O)_(m2), —COR^(4b′), and —OC(O)—R¹⁵;

m2 is from 0 to 2;

R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic;

R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, halo, and C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and aryl;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and aryl; or

R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a group of the formula II:

 or

 or II′ wherein the II′ group is a group of Formula II which is unsaturated; or

R¹¹ and R¹² together with the nitrogen and carbon to which they are bound can join to form a three to six membered ring;

R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, S(O)_(m3) and —OR¹⁶;

R¹⁵ is C₁-C₃ alkyl or aryl;

R¹⁶ is C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR^(4′), —SR^(5′), C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, halo, —CN, S(O)_(m2′), —COR^(4b), and —OC(O)—R^(15′);

R^(4b) and R^(4b′) are each independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R^(15′) is C₁-C₃ alkyl or aryl;

m2′ is 0 to 2;

R^(4′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R^(5′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl;

m2 is 0 to 2;

X is selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O, S, NH, carbonyl, and a bond;

n′ is 0 to 2;

m′ is 0 to 2;

m3 is 0 to 2;

n is 0 to 3; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Further, the invention provides a method for treating psychosis comprising administering a compound of Formula I to a mammal in need of such treatment.

Additionally, the present invention provides a method for interacting with a muscarinic receptor comprising administering a compound of Formula I.

Finally, the invention provides a formulation containing a compound of Formula I as an active ingredient.

Further this invention provides compounds of the Formula III

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR⁴, —SR⁵, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, halo, —CN, S(O)_(m2), —COR^(4b′), and —OC(O)—R¹⁵;

m2 is from 0 to 2;

R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic;

R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, halo, and C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and aryl;

R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and aryl; or

R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a group of the formula II:

 or II′ wherein the II′ group is a group of Formula II which is unsaturated; or

R¹¹ and R¹² together with the nitrogen and carbon to which they are bound can join to form a three to six membered ring;

R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, S(O)_(m3) and —OR¹⁶;

R¹⁵ is C₁-C₃ alkyl or aryl;

R¹⁶ is C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR^(4′), —SR^(5′), C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, halo, —CN, S(O)_(m2′), —COR^(4b), and —OC(O)—R^(15′);

R^(4b) and R^(4b′) are each independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R^(15′) is C₁-C₃ alkyl or aryl;

m2′ is 0 to 2;

R^(4′) is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R⁵, is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl;

m2 is 0 to 2;

X is selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O, S, NH, carbonyl, and a bond;

n′ is 0 to 2;

m′ is 0 to 2;

m3 is 0 to 2;

n is 0 to 3; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Additionally, this invention provides a formulation comprising a compound of Formula III and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers therefor.

Also included is a method for treating a condition associated with the modulation of a muscarinic receptor comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula III to a mammal in need of such treatment.

Additionally, provided is a compound of Formula IV

R²¹ and R²² are selected from H and O;

R²⁰ is selected from amine protecting groups;

R^(1′) is selected from the group consisting of —OR⁴, —SR⁵, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, halo, —CN, S(O)_(m2), —COR^(4b′), and —OC(C)—R¹⁵;

m2 is 0 to 2;

R⁴ and R^(4b′) are each independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl;

R¹⁵ is C₁-C₃ alkyl or aryl; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The term “treating” as used herein includes prophylaxis of the named physical and/or mental condition or amelioration or elimination of the developed physical and/or mental condition once it has been established.

The substituent of Formula II can be from a 3-member to 8 member ring. The substituent of Formula II′ is unsaturated. Formula II′ is optionally aromatic, but is in no way required to be aromatic. It may be preferred that Formula II′ contains from one to two double bonds.

The term “interacting with a muscarinic receptor” refers to a compound acting as a muscarinic receptor agonist, antagonist, or partial agonist. Most preferably, the compounds of this invention will act as an agonist of a muscarinic receptor. It is especially preferred that a compound of this invention will selectively interact with a m4 muscarinic receptor subtype. Further it is particularly preferred that a compound of this invention will act as a selective m4 muscarinic receptor agonist.

The terms “C₁-C_(m) alkyl” wherein m=2-10, as used herein, represent a branched or linear alkyl group having from one to the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, typical C₁-C₆ alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl and the like.

The term “substituted C₁-C_(m) alkyl” refers to an alkyl group which is substituted with from one to five selected from the group consisting of C₂-C₆ alkenyl, halo, —CF₃, —OR^(4a), —SR^(5a), CO₂R^(6a), halo, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted C₄-C₈ cycloalkyl, and —CN; wherein 4a, 5a, and 6a are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, aryl and substituted aryl.

The term “carbonyl”,has the meaning commonly attributed to the term by the skilled artisan. For example, =O.

The terms “C₂-C_(n) alkenyl” wherein n=3-10, as used herein, represents an olefinically unsaturated branched or linear group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one double bond. The groups can be branched or straight chain. Examples of such groups include 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl (—CH₂—CH═CH₂), 1-butenyl (—CH═CHCH₂CH₃), 1,3-butadienyl (—CH═CHCH═CH₂), hexenyl, pentenyl, and the like.

The terms “halide”, “halogen”, and “halo” include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The preferred halogen is chlorine.

The term “C₃-C_(n) cycloalkyl” wherein n=4-8, represents cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, Ecycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and the like.

The term “hererocyclic” refers to a heterocyclic ring having from four to eight members and from one to three non-carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; or a combination thereof, and which heteroaryl group is optionally fused with a phenyl group.

The term “substituted heterocyclic” refers to a heterocyclic group which may be substituted with from one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen(s), —CF₃, NO₂, —CN, C₁₋₁₅-alkyl, C₂₋₅alkenyl, C₂₋₅-alkynyl, —COR^(6a), —OR^(4a), —SR^(5a), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, and aryl; wherein 4a, 5a, and 6a are each independently selected from hydrogen, —CF₃, C₁-C₃ alkyl, aryl, and —C₁-C₃ alkyl-aryl.

As used herein the term “amine protecting group” refers to protecting groups such as those discussed in Theodora W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, (Wiley, 1981) pp. 218-287. Especially preferred amine protecting groups are carbamates. One particularly preferred amine protecting group is BOC.

The term “substituted(C₅-C_(n)) cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group as described supra wherein the cycloalkyl group may be substituted with from one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, NO₂, halo, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₃)alkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₃)alkyl, COR_(5a), C₁-C₁₀ alkanoyl, C₇-C₁₆ arylalkyl, CO₂R_(5a), (C₁-C₆ alkyl)_(m)amino, —SR_(5a), and OR_(5a); wherein 5a is selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl; m is from one to two.

The term “C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₃)alkyl” represents a linear alkyl group substituted at a terminal carbon with a C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl group. Typical cycloalkylalkyl groups include cyclohexylethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 3-cyclopentylpropyl, and the like.

The term “C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl” represents an olefinically unsaturated ring having five to eight carbon atoms, eg., cyclohexadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptadienyl, cyclooctatrienyl and the like. The cycloalkenyl group may be substituted with from one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, NO₂, halo, halo(C₁-C₆)alkyl, halo(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, (C₁-C₆ alkyl)amino, COR₅, C₁-C₁₀ alkanoyl, OR₅, CO₂R₅, —SR₅, and C₇-C₁₆ arylalkyl.

The term “C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₃)alkyl” represents a linear C₁-C₃ alkyl group substituted at a terminal carbon with a C₅-C₈ alkenyl group.

As used herein the term “carboxyl” refers to a substituent having the common meaning understood by the skilled artisan, wherein the point of attachment may be through the carbon or oxygen atom of the group.

As used herein the term “aryl” means an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by the removal of one atom. For example, the term includes, but is in no way limited to biphenyl, phenyl or naphthyl. The term “aryl” refers to hydrocarbon aryl groups. Most preferably, aryl refers to C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein the aryl ring system, including any alkyl substitutions, comprises from 6 to 10 carbon atoms; e.g., phenyl, 3,3-dimethylphenyl, naphthyl, and the like. The aryl radical may be substituted by one or two C₁-C₆ straight or branched alkyl. The aryl group may be fused with a heteroaryl or heterocyclic.

“Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl group which may be substituted with from one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen(s), —CF₃, NO₂, —CN, C₁₋₁₅-alkyl, C₂₋₅-alkenyl, C₂₋₅-alkynyl, —COR^(6a), OR^(4a), —SR^(5a), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, and aryl; wherein 4a, 5a, and 6a are each independently selected from hydrogen, —CF₃, C₁-C₃ alkyl, aryl, and —C₁-C₃ alkyl-aryl. The substituents may be located at any available position on the ring, provided that there is not more than one substituent selected from the group consisting of aryl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, and substituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl.

As used herein, the phrase “heteroaryl” means an aryl group containing from one to three N, O or S atom(s) or a combination thereof, and which heteroaryl group is optionally fused with a phenyl group. The phrase “heteroaryl” includes, but is not limited to, 5-membered heteroaryls having one hetero atom (e.g. thiophenes, pyrroles, furans); 5-membered heteraryls having two heteroatoms in 1,2 or 1,3 positions (e.g. oxazoles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, thiazoles, purines); 5-membered heteraryls having three heteroatoms (e.g. triazoles, thiadiazoles); 5-membered heteraryls having 3-heteroatoms; 6-membered heteroaryls with one heteroatom (e.g. pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrine, 5,6-cycloheptenopyridine); 6-membered heteraryls with two heteroatoms (e.g. pyridazines, cinnolines, phthalazines, pyrazines, pyrimidines, quinazolines); 6-membered heteroaryls with three heteroatoms (e.g. 1,3,5-triazine); and 6-member heteroaryls with four heteroatoms. Particularly preferred are benzothiophenes, pyridines, and furans. Most preferredly, the heteroaryl group is a four to eight membered ring.

The term “substituted heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl group which is substituted at carbon or nitrogen atom(s) with C₁₋₆-alkyl, —CF₃, phenyl, benzyl, substituted aryl or thienyl, or a carbon atom in the heteroaryl group together with an oxygen atom form a carbonyl group. Such substituted heteroaryl may optionally be fused with a phenyl group.

The term “C₇-C₁₆ arylalkyl” represents an aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl substituent wherein the alkyl group is linear, such as but not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, or phenyl-t-butyl; or branched. The aryl alkyl moitety is attached to the parent nucleus via the alkyl group.

The term “organic solvent” includes solvents containing carbon, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, ether, toluene, xylene, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran.

The term “agitate” includes such techniques as stirring, centrifugation, mixing, and other similar methods.

The term “ligand” refers to compounds that are bound by the designated receptor. Compounds useful as ligands may be used to occupy the stated receptor site or may act as a selective agonist at the stated receptor site.

The abbreviations used herein have their accepted meaning, unless stated otherwise. Such accepted meaning shall be the meaning attributed to such term by the skilled artisan or the American Chemical Society.

The terms “MeO” and “EtO” refer to methoxy and ethoxy substituents which are bound to the parent molecule through the oxygen.

A method for generating the indane scaffold used in this invention for compound forming purposes comprises the following sequential steps:

1. Nitration of indanone starting yields nitroindanone which is then separated from minor component byproducts.

2. The product of step 1 is reduced to give the corresponding alcohol.

3. The product of step 2 is then subjected to an acid catalyzed dehydration to give the corresponding indene.

4. The double bond of the product of step 3 is oxidized to give the epoxide.

5. The product epoxide 4 is then reacted with ammonium hydroxide to give the amino alcohol.

6. The amino alcohol of step 5 is protected with a conventional protecting group.

The preceding method of indane scaffold preparation is further illustrated by the following reaction scheme:

The formation of indane compounds in these libraries is accomplished using polymer bound reaction schemes generally described as follows:

A) A polymer bearing a carboxylic acid functionality is coupled with the protected indane of the following formula:

B) The reactants of step (A) are coupled;

C) The product of step (B) is deprotected resulting in an amine functional indane bound to a resin support;

D) The product of step (C) is acylated to attach a first diverse group, E₁+;

E) The product of step (D) is reduced to give the corresponding aniline;

F) The product of step (E) is again acylated to attach a second diverse group, E₂+;

G) Cleavage with a base of the product of step (E) from the polymer results in the formation of the product characterized by the formula:

where E₁ ⁺ and E₂ ^(+ are any electrophile.)

INDANE LIBRARY AND COMPOUND FORMING PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The process steps, more fully described below in the Preparation Section, are illustrated by the following reaction Scheme IA:

Multiple simultaneous synthesis may be performed by a variety of apparatus, such as that shown for multiple simultaneous synthesis U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,483; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The compounds of this invention can be prepared using the following general techniques. The skilled artisan will appreciate that there are alternative methods to obtain the desired compounds claimed herein.

As illustrated by Scheme I, 1 which is commercially available or may be prepared by the skilled artisan using known methods, is dissolved in a mixture of pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine and an inert organic solvent, wherein preferred inert organic solvents include but are not limited to solvents such as THF or CH₂Cl₂, as acetyl chlorideis added. The mixture may be treated with cold water and the organic layer separated. The organic solution is washed, the organic layer dried, and the solvent evaporated to give 2. A solution of 2 in THF or anther appropriate solvent is treated with a stream of dry HCl. The solution is treated with most preferredly cold saturated sodium bicarbonate, the organic phase was washed, dried and the solvent evaporated to give 3. A solution of 3 in a mixture of pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and CH₂Cl₂ is treated with a solution of an arylsulfonyl chloride and the reaction stirred. The reaction is most preferredly poured into ice-water, the organic layer separated and consecutively washed. Preferred washes are with 1 N HCl and brine. The organics are dried and the solvent evaporated to give 14. A solution of 14 is treated with SnCl₂-2 H₂O. The reaction mixture is preferredly poured into ice-water, the reaction made basic, and the mixture extracted. The organic extracts are washed, the solution dried, and the solvent evaporated 15. Alternatively, a solution of 14 in EtOAc or THF is treated with H₂ (about 60 psi) in the presence of a catalyst. Preferred catalysts are chosen from but not limited to the group consisting of PtO₂, Rainey-Ni, and Pd-C. The catalyst is removed and the solvent evaporated to give 15. A solution of 15 is treated with a solution of a chloroalkylene dialkylammonium chloride. It is noted here that the artisan should recognize that other reagents analagous to chloroalkylidene dialkylanmonium chloride can also provide the desired compounds. The reaction was preferredly poured into ice-water, the organic layer separated and consecutively washed. Preferred washes are with saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organics are dried and the solvent evaporated to give 18. A solution of 18 in base is stirred. The reaction mixture is preferredly poured into ice-water and extracted. The organic extracts are washed, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give the desired compound of this invention.

As illustrated by Scheme II, compounds of this invention can be prepared by a solution of a benzamide being treated with NaH and preferredly, the reaction mixture is stirred until gas evolution ceased. 1,2-Epoxy-6-nitroindane is added. Preferredly the 1,2-epoxy-6-nitroindane is added at about 60 C and stirred. The reaction is preferredly poured into ice-water and extracted. The organic extracts are washed, dried, and the solvent evaporated. The residue is chromatographed to obtain 17. A solution of 17 in a mixture of pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine and an inert organic solvent, for example but not limited to solvents such as THF or CH₂Cl₂, as acetyl chloride is added. The reaction is preferredly treated with cold water and the organic layer separated. The organic solution is washed, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give 14. Processing of 14 as in Scheme I provides the desired compounds of this invention.

As illustrated by Scheme III, certain compounds of this invention can be prepared by a mixture of 6-nitroindan-1-one and a catalyst, which is preferredly, but not limited to one chosen from PtO₂, Rainey-Ni, and Pd-C in EtOH, is treated with hydrogen. The catalyst is removed and the solvent evaporated to give 8. A solution of 8 in a mixture of pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and CH₂Cl₂ is treated with a solution of a chloroalkylidene dialkylarrmonium chloride and the reaction mixture is preferredly stirred. It is noted here that the artisan should recognize that other reagents analagous to chloroalkylidene dialkylammonium chloride can also provide the desired compounds. The reaction is preferredly poured into ice-water, the organic layer separated and consecutively washed. Preferred washes are with saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organics are dried and the solvent evaporated to give 12. A solution of 12 in a mixture of lower alcohol and NH₃ is treated with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst which is most preferredly, but not limited to, either Pd-C-sulfided or Pt-C sulfided. The catalyst is removed and the solvent evaporated to give 13. A solution of 13 in a mixture of pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and CH₂Cl₂ is treated with a solution of an arylsulfonyl chloride. The reaction is preferredly poured into ice-water, the organic layer separated and consecutively washed. Preferred washes are with saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organics are dried and the solvent evaporated to give the desired compound of this invention.

Protection of the 3-amino group of compound 5, preferably as a carbamate such as t-butyl carbamate, under standard conditions¹ provided compound 1 (also referred to as 6 supra.). Other similar protecting groups can be utilized in place of t-butyl carbamate. Carbamates are particularly preferred protecting groups for the synthesis described by Step 1.

¹ Greene and Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry,

Step 2.

Reduction of the nitro group may be accomplished using reagents such as SnCl₂ NaBH₄, or more preferably using metal-catalyzed hydrogenation.² Most preferably, Pd/C was used in EtOH at 50 psi and ambient temperature.

² Rylander, Hydrogenation

Step 3.

The amidine functionality of compounds 57-76 may be prepared from the amine by a variety of methods using reagents such as Gold's reagent. Most preferably the dimethyl amidine was prepared using N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal under standard conditions.³

³ Patel amidine series and Meyers paper and ref. 4.

Step 4.

The amidine may be exchanged in the presence of higher boiling amines such as pyrollidine, piperidine, morpholine, or benzyl amine to provide compounds 6-56 and 77-105.⁴

⁴ Transamidination reaction references.

Step 5.

The t-butyl carbamate protecting group was removed under standard conditions (ref 1) using cold trifluoroacetic acid.

Step 6.

The trifluoroacetate salt of the amine was reacted with a variety of acid chlorides in the presence of a base such as triethylamine at −10° C. to ambient temperature in a solvent such as methylene chloride to provide compounds VII.

Step 7.

The alcohol group of compounds 5-105 may be acylated or alkylated with reagents such as acetic anhydride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine.

The compounds of this invention can form acid addition salts with a wide variety of inorganic and organic acids. Typical acids which can be used include sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, hypophosphoric, hydroiodic, sulfamic, citric, acetic, maleic, malic, succinic, tartaric, cinnamic, benzoic, ascorbic, mandelic, p-toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, trifluoroacetic, hippuric and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of this invention are especially preferred.

The compounds of the present invention are useful for modulating or blocking the M-1 receptor and can be useful for modulating or blocking a serotonin receptor. Certain of the present compounds are preferred for that use. Preferred compounds and embodiments of this invention are those having the following characteristics. The following preferred characteristics may be independently combined to provide further preferred embodiments of this invention:

A) R³ is aryl;

B) R¹ is hydrogen;

C) R¹ is —OH;

D) R³ is substituted phenyl having 3,4-dichloro substituents;

E) R² is substituted phenyl having 3,4-dichloro or meta trifluoromethyl substituents;

F) n is one;

G) the indane ring is saturated;

H) R³ is bicycloaryl;

I) R³ is substituted phenyl having a meta NO₂ substituent;

J) R³ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

K) R³ is substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl wherein the terminal carbon of the alkyl chain is substituted with CO₂R⁴ wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl;

L) R¹ is OH, n is 1 and the OH group is located at the 2 position of the ring;

M) a compound of this invention is used for treating psychosis;

N) A compound of Formula I:

O) n is 1;

P) R² is substituted phenyl;

Q) A compound of Formula 111;

R) A compound of Formula IV, wherein R²⁰ is a carbamate;

S) A compound of Formula I wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently C₁-C₃ alkyl;

T) A compound of Formula I wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen and R¹ is OH;

U) A compound of Formula I for treating a condition associated with modulation of an M4 muscarinic subtype receptor;

V) A compound of Formula I which acts as a muscarinic receptor agonist.

Further, the present invention contemplates both the cis and trans stereoisomers of the compounds of Formula I. The trans configuration is preferred.

The present invention contemplates racemic mixtures as well as the substantially pure enantiomers of the compounds of Formula I. The term “enantiomer” is used herein as commonly used in organic chemistry to denote a compound which rotates the plane of polarization. Thus, the “− enantiomer” rotates the plane of polarized light to the left, and contemplates the levorotary compound of Formula I. The + and − enantiomers can be isolated using classical resolution techniques. One particularly useful reference which describes such methods is JACQUES et. al. ENANTIOMERS, RACEMATES, AND RESOLUTIONS (John Wiley and Sons 1981). Appropriate resolution methods include direct crystallization, entrainment, and crystallization by optically active solvents. Chrisey, L. A. Heterocycles, 267, 30 (1990). A preferred resolution method is crystallization by an optically active acid or by chiral synthesis using the method of A. I. Meyers. Loewe, M. F. et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 3291, 26 (1985), Meyers, A. I. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 4778, 110 (1988). Preferred optically active acids include camphorsulfonic and derivatives of tartaric acid.

The compounds of the present invention are known to form hydrates and solvates with appropriate solvents. Preferred solvents for the preparation of solvate forms include water, alcohols, tetrahydrofuran, DMF, and DMSO. Preferred alcohols are methanol and ethanol. Other appropriate solvents may be selected based on the size of the solvent molecule. Small solvent molecules are preferred to facilitate the corresponding solvate formation. The solvate or hydrate is typically formed in the course of recrystallization or in the course of salt formation. One useful reference concerning solvates is Sykes, Peter, A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 56+, 6th Ed (1986, John Wiley & Sons, New York). As used herein, the term “solvate” includes hydrate forms, such as monohydrates and dihydrates.

The column chromatography procedures used standard flash chromotagraphy techniques. One well-known reference describing appropriate flash chromotagraphy techniques is Still, W. C. Kahn, and Mitra, J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2932. Fractions containing product were generally evaporated under reduced vacuum to provide the product.

Optical rotations were obtained using methanol, pyridine, or other suitable solvent.

The hydrochloride salt of the particular compound was prepared by placing the free base into diethyl ether. While stirring this ether solution, a solution of HCl in diethyl ether was added dropwise until the solution became acidic. Alternatively, the ether solution was treated with dry HCl gas.

The maleate salt of the particular compound was prepared by placing the free base in ethyl acetate and treating with maleic acid. The precipitate formed was filtered and dried to provide the corresponding maleate salt of the free base.

I. Muscarinic Activity

As used herein the term “malfunctioning of the muscarinic cholinergic system” shall have the meaning accepted by the skilled artisan. For example the term shall refer to, but is not in any way limited to, conditions such as glaucoma, psychosis, schizophrenia or schizophreniform conditions, depression, sleeping disorders, epilepsy, and gastrointestinal motility disorders. Other such conditions include Alzheimer's Disease and incontinence.

The pharmacological properties of the compounds of the invention can be illustrated by determining their capability to inhibit the specific binding of ³H-Oxotremorine-M (³H-Oxo). Birdsdall N. J. M., Hulme E. C., and Burgen A. S. V. (1980). “The Character of Muscarinic Receptors in Different Regions of the Rat Brain”. Proc. Roy. Soc. London (Series B) 207,1.

³H-Oxo labels muscarinic receptor in the CNS (with a preference for agonist domains of the receptors). Three different sites are labeled by ³H-Oxo. These sites have affinity of 1.8, 20 and 3000 nM, respectively. Using the present experimental conditions only the high and medium affinity sites are determined.

The inhibitory effects of compounds on ³H-oxo binding reflects the affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

All preparations are performed at 0-4° C. unless otherwise indicated. Fresh cortex (0.1-1 g) from male Wistar rats (150-250 g) is homogenized for 5-10 s in 10 mL 20 nM Hepes pH: 7.4, with an Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. The homogenizer is rinsed with 10 mL of buffer and the combined suspension centrifuged for 15 min. at 40,000×g. The pellet is washed three times with buffer. In each step the pellet is homogenized as before in 2×10 mL of buffer and centrifuged for 10 min. at 40,000×g.

The final pellet is homogenized in 20 mM Hepes pH: 7.4 (100 mL per g of original tissue) and used for binding assay. Aliquots of 0.5 mL is added 25 μL of test solution and 25 μL of ³H-Oxotremorine (1.0 nM, final concentration) mixed and incubated for 30 min. at 25° C. Non-specific binding is determined in triplicate using arecoline (1 μg/mL, final concentration) as the test substance. After incubation samples are added 5 mL of ice-cold buffer and poured directly onto Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters under suction and immediately washed 2 times with 5 mL of ice-cold buffer. The amount of radioactivity on the filters are determined by conventional liquid scintillation counting. Specific binding is total binding minus non specific binding.

Test substances are dissolved in 10 mL water (if necessary heated on a steam-bath for less than 5 min.) at a concentration of 2.2 mg/mL. 25-75% inhibition of specific binding must be obtained before calculation of IC₅₀. The test value will be given as IC₅₀ (the concentration (nM) of the test substance which inhibits the specific binding of ³H-oxo by 50%).

IC₅₀=(applied test substance concentration) x(C_(x)/C_(o)−C_(x))nM where C_(o) is specific binding in control assays and C_(x) is the specific binding in the test assay. (The calculations assume normal mass-action kinetics).

Furthermore the pharmacological properties of the compounds of the invention can also be illustrated by determining their capability to inhibit ³HPRZ (pirenzepine, [N-methyl-³H]) binding to rat cerebral cortex membranes.

Pirenzepine binds selectively to subtype of muscarinic receptors. Historically the type is named the M₁-site, whereas pirenzepine sensitive site would be more appropriate. Although selective for M₁-sites pirenzepine also interact with M₂-sites.

All preparations are performed at 0-4° C. unless otherwise indicated. Fresh cortex (0.1-1 9) from male Wistar rats (150-200 g) is homogenized for 5-10 s in 10 mL 20 mM Hepes pH: 7.4, with an Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. The homogenizer is rinsed with 2×10 mL of buffer and the combined suspension centrifuged for 15 min. at 40,000×g. The pellet is washed three times with buffer. In each step the pellet is homogenized as before in 3×10 mL of buffer and centrifuged for 10 min. at 40,000×g.

The final pellet is homogenized in 20 mM Hepes pH: 7.4 (100 mL per g of original tissue) and used for binding assay. Aliquots of 0.5 mL is added 20 μL of test solution and 25 μL of ³HPRZ (1.0 nM, final conc.), mixed and incubated for 60 min. at 20° C. Non-specific binding is determined in triplicate using atropine (1.0 μg/mL, final conc.) as the test substance. After incubation samples are added 5 mL of ice-cold buffer and poured directly onto Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters under suction and immediately washed 2 times with 5 mL of ice-cold buffer. The amount of radioactivity on the filters are determined by conventional liquid scintillation counting. Specific binding is total binding minus non-specific binding.

Test substances are dissolved in 10 mL water, at a concentration of 0.22 mg/mL. 25-75% inhibition of specific binding must be obtained before calculation of IC₅₀.

The test value will be given as ICSO (the concentration (nM) of the test substance which inhibits the specific binding of ³HPRZ by 50%).

IC₅₀=(applied test substance concentration) x(C_(x)/C_(o)−C_(x))nM where C_(o) is specific binding in control assays and C_(x) is the specific binding in the test assay. (The calculations assume normal mass-action kinetics).

Compounds of this invention showed particularly desirable activity using the muscarinic receptor assays. Most compounds were effective at an IC₅₀ concentration of less than 10 μmolar (no atropine). The muscarinic effect was confirmed by determining if the effect was blocked by atropine.

II. M4 Muscarinic Receptor Binding Assay

Cyclic AMP Accumulation in Pertussis Toxin-Treated CHO m4 Cells.

CHO K1 cells transfected with human m4 receptors were grown to near confluency in T-150 flasks using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells were detached with 0.05% trypsin, 0.53 mm EDTA, and were suspended in medium containing 100 ng/ml pertussis toxin. Cells were plated at 30,000 cells per well into 96 well plates. Eighteen to twenty hours later the medium was removed and the cells were washed with serum-free medium. Attached cells were incubated at 37° C. for one hour after addition of 100 ml of serum free DMEM containing 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and 1 mM forskolin plus or minus drugs being tested. Incubations were terminated with 200 ml per well of serum free DMEM containing 0.3% triton-X-100. After stopping incubations the plates were allowed to sit for 20 minutes to extract cAMP and samples were then diluted 2.5-fold and were assayed using the scintillation proximity assay of Amersham (Arlington Heights, Ill).

Representative results from the M4 assay are as follows:

Stimulation of cyclic AMP production in CHO-m₄cells.

% Maximum Stimulation Compound Number Compared to Oxotremorine-M 11 34 12 26 13 <20 14 100 15 76 17 56 18 61 19 <20 20 69 21 23 22 <20 23 <20 24 22 25 43 26 <20 27 <20 28 <20 29 <20 30 <20 31 45 32 <20 33 45 34 45 35 65 36 <20 37 76 38 <20 39 43 40 96 41 <20 44 41 45 <20 46 154 47 <20 57 5 58 74 59 22 60 100 61 39 62 27 63 13 64 52 65 30 66 0 67 7 68 0 69 14 70 18 71 95 72 4 73 11 74 8 75 6 76 130 77 214 88 52 97 36 98 73

III. Psychosis Studies

The antipsychotic activity of the presently claimed compounds can be demonstrated in models using well-established procedures. For example the compounds are studied to determine if they antagonize apomorphine-induced climbing behavioral and hypothermia in mice (Moore, N. A. et al. Psychopharmacology 94 (2), 263-266 (1988), and 96, 539 (1988)) which measures the ability of the compound to prevent the disruption of climbing response produced by 24 hour pre-treatment with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ), a dopamine receptor inactivating agent (Meller et al. Central D1 dopamine receptors, Plenum Press, 1988) and/or inhibite a conditioned avoidance response in rats (ED₅₀ 4-7 mg/kg).

The conflict procedure used is based on the method of Geller and Seifter, Psychopharmacolopia 1: 482-492, (1960). Rats are trained on a multiple schedule consisting of three components. Individual components are as follows: 1) for 9 minutes, lever pressing was reinforced on a variable interval 30 second schedule (VI 30, reward). This period is signaled by illumination of the houselight alone. 2) During the following 3-minute period, lever presses are recorded but had no programmed consequence (time-out). 3) Lever pressing is reinforced according to a fixed ratio 10 second food presentation (FR10) for 3 minutes; however, each reinforced response is accompanied by an electric current (0.5 mA) being applied to the grid floor for 500 msec (conflict). This component is signaled by illumination of the houselight and three cue lights on the front panel. This sequence of three components (reward/time-out/conflict) are presented twice in the same order during the daily 30 minute session. Animals are given extensive training on this schedule until the following criteria had been satisfied: 1) rates of responding during the individual VI30 components do not differ by more than 10%; 2) rates of responding during time-out and conflict are less than 10% of the rate during the VI component; and 3) the above criteria are satisfied for a period of five days.

After the training procedure, drug testing is initiated. During this period, the animals are dosed orally with either test compounds or vehicle in a randomized order 60 minutes before testing. At least two drug-free training days occur between test sessions. This test indicates that the compound has anxiolytic properties which are not observed with typical antipsychotic agents. Spealman et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 212:435-440, 1980.

Further, the pharmacological profile of the claimed compounds is desirable for use in the treatment of other conditions which are related to the mediation of a muscarinic receptor. Such conditions include for example, Alzheimer's Disease, glaucoma, irritable bowel syndrome, bladder dysfunction and incontinence, treatment of pain, analgesia, Huntington's Disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's Disease, anxiety, and other psychotic conditions as described in the DSM-IV.

While it is possible to administer a compound of the invention directly without any formulation, the compounds are preferably employed in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and at least one compound of the invention. Such compositions contain from about 0.1 percent by weight to about 90.0 percent by weight of a present compound. As such, the present invention also provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient therefor.

In making the compositions of the present invention, the active ingredient is usually mixed with an excipient which can be a carrier, or a diluent or be diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the carrier serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, excipient, or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the composition can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, emulsions, solutions, syrups, suspensions, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), and soft and hard gelatin capsules.

The compounds of the invention may be delivered transdermally, if desired. Transdermal permeation enhancers and delivery systems, including patches and the like, are well known to the skilled artisan.

Examples of suitable carriers, excipients, and diluents include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, tragacanth, gelatin, syrup, methyl cellulose, methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates, talc, magnesium stearate, water, and mineral oil. The formulations may also include wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents or flavoring agents. The formulations of the invention may be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained, or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures well known in the art.

The compounds of this invention may be delivered transdermally using known transdermal delivery systems and excipients. Most preferrably, a compound of this invention is admixed with permeation enhancers including, but not limited to, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, and azacycloalkan-2-ones, and incorporated into a patch or similar delivery system. Additional excipients including gelling agents, emulsifiers, and buffers may be added to the transdermal formulation as desired.

For oral administration, a compound of this invention ideally can be admixed with carriers and diluents and molded into tablets or enclosed in gelatin capsules.

The compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 0.1 to about 500 mg or more, usually about 5 to about 300 mg, of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.

In order to more fully illustrate the operation of this invention, the following formulation examples are provided. The examples are illustrative only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The formulations may employ as active compounds any of the compounds of the present invention.

FORMULATION 1

Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:

Concentration Amount Per by Weight Capsule (percent) A compound of this 250 mg 55.0 invention starch dried 200 mg 43.0 magnesium stearate  10 mg 2.0 460 mg 100.0

The above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 460 mg quantities.

FORMULATION 2

Capsules each containing 20 mg of medicament are made as follows:

Concentration Amount Per by Weight Capsule (percent) A compound of this  20 mg 10.0 invention starch  89 mg 44.5 microcrystalline  89 mg 44.5 cellulose magnesium stearate  2 mg 1.0 200 mg 100.0 mg

The active ingredient, cellulose, starch, and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and filled into a hard gelatin capsule.

FORMULATION 3

Capsules each containing 100 mg of medicament are made as follows:

Concentration Amount Per by Weight Capsule (percent) a compound of this 100 mg 30.00 invention polyoxyethylene 50 mg 0.02 sorbitan monooleate starch powder 250 mg 69.98 350.05 mg 100.00

The above ingredients are thoroughly mixed and placed in an empty gelatin capsule.

FORMULATION 4

Tablets containing 10 mg of active ingredient are made as follows:

Concentration Amount Per by Weight Capsule (percent) a compound of this 10 mg 10.0 invention starch 45 mg 45.0 microcrystalline 35 mg 35.0 cellulose polyvinylpyrrolidone 4 mg 4.0 (as 10% solution in water) sodium carboxymethyl 4.5 mg 4.5 starch magnesium stearate 0.5 mg 0.5 talc 1 mg 1.0 100 mg 100.0

The active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders which are then passed through a No. 14 mesh U.S. sieve. The granule so produced is dried at 50°-60° C. and passed through a No. 18 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate and talc, previously passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granule which, after mixing, is compressed on a tablet machine to yield a tablet weighing 100 mg.

FORMULATION 5

A tablet formulation may be prepared using the ingredients below:

Concentration Amount Per by Weight Capsule (percent) A compound of this 250 mg 38.0 invention microcrystalline 400 mg 60.0 cellulose silicon dioxide fumed  10 mg 1.5 stearic acid  5 mg 0.5 665 mg 100.0

The components are blended and compressed to form tablets each weighing 665 mg.

FORMULATION 6

Suspensions each containing 5 mg of medicament per 5 ml dose are as follows:

per 5 ml of suspension A compound of this invention 5 mg sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 50 mg syrup 1.25 ml benzoic acid solution 0.10 ml flavor q.v. color q.v. water q.s. to 5 ml

The medicament is passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed with the sodium carboxymethylcellulose and syrup to form a smooth paste. The benzoic acid solution, flavor and color is diluted with some of the water and added to the paste with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume.

FORMULATION 7

An aerosol solution is prepared containing the following components:

Concentration by Weight (percent) A compound of this invention 0.25 ethanol 29.75 Propellant 22 70.00 (chlorodifluoromethane) 100.00

The active compound is mixed with ethanol and the mixture added to a portion of the Propellant 22, cooled to −30° C. and transferred to a filling device. The required amount is then fed to a stainless steel container and diluted further with the remaining amount of propellant. The valve units are then fitted to the container.

The following Examples further illustrate certain of the compounds of the present invention, and methods for their preparation. The examples are illustrative only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

PREPARATION 1

Indane compounds are formed on-a solid polymer support by the a series of process steps illustrated by the following 12 steps which are presented Preparation 1, Example 1. and Example 2, this process is further illustrated by Scheme IA, supra.

Steps 1-4 of Synthesis of Scheme IA.

1. To a solution of 1-indanone (25 g, 0.189 mol) in concentrated H₂SO₄ (84 ml) at 0° C. was added a solution of KNO₃ (8.33 g, 0.0824 mol) in H₂SO₄ (40 ml) as to maintain an internal temperature below 15° C. After stirring at 0° C. for 1 hr., the reaction mixture was poured into crushed ice and stirred vigorously for 30 min. The suspension was then filtered, air dried, and purified by LC (5% ethyl acetate/toluene) to provide 1^(a) (18.90 g, 56%) as a pale yellow solid.

2. A solution of 1^(a) (18.90 g, 0.107 mol) in methanol (300 ml) was cooled to 0° C. and NaBH₄ (4.04 g. 0.107 mol) was added in several small portions. The reaction was then stirred overnight at 25° C. The solution was quenched at 0° C. with methanolic HCl (200 ml), concentrated under reduced pressure, redissolved in CH₂Cl₂, washed with H₂O, and the organic layer reconcentrated to provide the crude alcohol as a brown solid.

3. To a solution of crude alcohol in toluene (300 ml) was added a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid and the reaction was refluxed for 1 hr. using a Dean Stark trap to remove the H₂O. The organic layer was washed with sat'd. NaHCO₃ (3×200 ml), dried over MgSO₄, solvent removed under vacuum, and the product recrystallized from methanol to afford 3^(a) (13.41 g, 78% over two steps) as a tan solid.

4. To a solution of 3^(a) (10.53 g, 0.0653 mol) in dichloromethane (350 ml) at 0° C. was added mCPBA (29 g, 0.0924 mol) in small amounts over the course of 1 hr. After stirring overnight at 25° C., the mixture was washed with sat'd Na₂SO₃ (2×200 ml), sat'd NaHCO₃ (2×200 ml), filtered through a cotton plug, and concentrated under vacuum. The product shall be referred to as 4^(a).

EXAMPLE 1

Step 5 of Synthesis of Scheme IA.

5. A suspension of 4^(a) in concentrated NH₄OH (250 ml) was heated overnight in an oil bath at 45° C. The next day H₂O was added and the basic aqueous layer was sat'd. with NaCl. The cloudy reaction mixture was extracted with THF until no more product could be seen by TLC. Organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄, concentrated, and recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give 5^(a) (11.54 g, 91% over two steps) as a fluffy tan solid. m.p. 148-150° C.

EXAMPLE 2

Step 6 of Synthesis of Scheme IA.

To a solution of 5^(a) (8.34 g, 0.0429 mol) in THF (200 ml) was added a solution of di-tert-butyldicarbonate (11.25 g, 0.0515 mol) in THF (50 ml). After stirring 1 hr at 25° C., the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to afford 6^(a) (11.37 g, 90%) as a white solid.

Step 7 of synthesis of Scheme IA.

Under an N₂ atmosphere a 3 L three-necked round bottomed flask equipped with an overhead stirrer and addition funnel was charged with carboxylated polystyrene resin (70 g, 2.77 mmol CO₂H/g resin), anhydrous dichloromethane (1000 ml), and anhydrous DMF (10 ml). Next, oxalyl chloride (50.75 ml, 0.582 mol) was added via a slow dropwise addition from an addition funnel. After reluxing overnight under N₂, the solvent was removed under vacuum using a gas dispersion tube. The resin was subsequently washed with anhydrous dichloromethane (3×500 ml). Once the last wash was complete, the resin was dried under vacuum for 2-3 hrs. At this time, the polymer was resuspended in dry THF (1000 ml) followed by the addition of dry pyridine (314 ml, 3.88 mol), DMAP (11.85 g, 0.0970 mol), and 6 (85.62 g, 0.291 mol). The mixture was refluxed for 10 days under an inert atmosphere. The solvent was removed by vacuum filtration and the resin was washed with THF (3×300 ml), CH₂Cl₂ (3×300 ml), and dried overnight in a vacuum oven to provide 7^(a) (122.18 g) as a tan resin.

EXAMPLE 3

Step 8-12 of total synthesis Scheme IA.

Into a round bottomed flask equipped with a stir bar was placed 7^(a) (28 mg, 0.02827 mmol), 0.500 ml dichloromethane, and TFA (0.109 ml, 0.14135 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. overnight, resin collected by filtration, resuspended in 10%TEA/CH₂Cl₂, stirred for 15 min., filtered again, and finally washed with dichloromethane to afford 8^(a).

9. Into a 10 ml round bottomed flask was placed 7^(a) (0.02827 mmol) followed by 0.5 ml of a solution of pyridine (0.03659 ml, 0.4524 mmol) and DRAP (0.518 mg, 0.004241 mmol) in dichloromethane. Next, a 1M solution of an electrophile in dichloromethane (0.1838 ml, 0.1838 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 25° C. At this time the solvent was removed by vacuum filtration and the resin was washed with CH₂Cl₂, DMF, methanol, DMF, methanol, and CH₂Cl₂. This product is referred to as 9^(a).

10. To a solution of 9^(a) (0.02827 mmol) in DMF (0.625 ml) was added SnCl₂×2 H₂O (102 mg, 0.4524 mmol). Upon stirring at 25° C. for 48 hrs, the resin was isolated by filtration and washed with CH₂Cl₂, DMF, methanol, DMF, methanol, and CH₂ Cl₂ to give 10^(a).

11. Into a 10 ml round bottomed flask was placed 10^(a) (0.02827 mmol) followed by 0.5 ml of a solution of pyridine (0.03659 ml, 0.4524 mmol) and DMAP (0.518 mg, 0.004241 mmol) in dichloromethane. Next, a 1M solution of an electrophile in dichloromethane (0.1838 ml, 0.1838 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 25° C. At this time the solvent was removed by vacuum filtration and the resin was washed with CH₂Cl₂, DMF, methanol, DMF, methanol, and CH₂Cl₂ to give 11^(a).

12. To a flask containing 11^(a) (0.02827 mmol) was added a 1M solution of NaOH in methanol (0.375 ml, 0.375 mmol) and THF 0.400 ml). After overnight stirring at 25° C., the reaction was neutralized with 4M HCl in methanol (0.100 ml, 0.400 mmol), resin filtered, and the filtate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 12^(a).

EXAMPLE 4

A 3 gallon stainless steel hydrogenation reactor was charged with 2.79 g (5% wt. load) of 5% Pd/C under a nitrogen purge. The catalyst was then wetted with toluene (25 mL). To this mixture was added a solution of 1 (55.39 g (0.188 mol) in 3A-EtOH (6 L). After purging the reactor with nitrogen, the reaction vessel was pressurized to 45 psi with hydrogen and stirred at room temperature for 4.5 h. TLC (Silica, 90/10 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH+1% NH₄OH) indicated the reaction was complete. The mixture was filtered through Hi-Flo and the filter cake rinsed with CH₂Cl₂ (2 L). The filtrate was transferred to a 12 L Buchii flask and concentrated in vacuo to afford 2 (47.79 g, 96%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 2 (5.0 g, 0.089 mol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added dimethylformamide-dimethylacetal (3.77 mL, 0.028 mol). After stirring at reflux for 1 h, a second aliquot of dimethylformamide-dimethyl acetal (3.77 mL, 0.028 mol) was added and reflux continued for another 1.5 h. TLC (Silica, 90/10 ethyl acetate/hexanes+2% Et₃N) indicated the reaction was complete. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated to a thick oil. The crude product was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL), washed with 1×25 mL D.I. H₂O, 2×50 mL 5% NaHCO₃, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Concentration in vacuo afforded 3 (6.17 g, 96%) as a light tan foam.

A solution of 3 (1.66 g, 0.0049 mol) in neat pyrrolidine (15 mL) was treated with 5 mg of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and heated to 80° C. in an oil bath. After 4 hrs at 80° C., a small aliquot of the reaction mixture was removed, stripped to dryness and analyzed by NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz). Observation of a new amidine-H signal at 7.78 ppm with no signal remaining at 7.52 ppm indicated the reaction was complete. The mixture was concentrated to remove the excess pyrrolidine. The resulting crude oil was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), washed with 1×25 mL H₂O, 1×25 mL 5% NaHCO₃, and 1×25 mL brine, then dried over Na₂SO₄. Concentration in vacuo afforded 4 as a tan foam (1.70 g, 95%).

EXAMPLE 5

Compound 4 (1.49 g, 0.0041 mol) was dissolved in cold (−5° C.) trifluoroacetic acid (15 mL) and stirred at −5° C. to −10° C. for 15 minutes. TLC (Silica, 90/10 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH+1% NH₄OH) indicated the reaction was complete. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove excess trifluoroacetic acid. The crude oil was dissolved in 2B-EtOH (4 mL) and treated with the dropwise addition of diethyl ether (30 mL). The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with diethyl ether (15 mL) and dried under vacuum at 40° C. Compound 5 (1.70 g, 87%) was recovered as a white solid.

EXAMPLES 6-105

Examples 6 through 105 were prepared using substantially the procedure described as follows, using the corresponding reagents to provide the desired compound:

Compound 5 (106 mg, 0.000224 mol) was suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (3.3 mL), cooled to 0° C. and treated with Et₃N (0.09 mL, 0.000894 mol). The resulting solution was treated with benzoyl chloride (31 mL, 0.000268 mol) and the mixture stirred for 0.5 h. With TLC (Silica, 90/10 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH+1% NH₄OH) showing the reaction to be complete, the mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 mL) and quenched with H₂O (2.5 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1×5 mL H₂O, 3×2.5 mL 5% NaHCO₃, and 1×2.5 mL brine. After drying over Na₂SO₄, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford 6 (76 mg, 97%) as a white foam.

EXAMPLES 6-105

Examples 6-105 are presented in the following table. The “Comp.#” corresponds to both the compound number and example number.

R** is

 wherein R², R¹¹, R¹², and R¹³ are defined as described supra.

Electros pray Ionizati Comp. on M.S. # R** R¹¹ R² (M + 1) 6 1-Pyrrolidine H Phenyl 350 7 1-Pyrrolidine H 3,5 486 di(trifluoromethy 1)-phenyl 8 1-Pyrrolidine H 4-Butoxy-Phenyl 422 9 1-Pyrrolidine H Cyclopentyl 342 10 1-Pyrrolidine H 6-Chloro-3- 385 Pyridinyl 11 1-Pyrrolidine H Cyclohexyl 356 12 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Chloro-3- 385 Pyridinyl 13 1-Pyrrolidine H 4-Cyano-Phenyl 375 14 1-Pyrrolidine H 3,5 419 dichlorophenyl 15 1-Pyrrolidine H 1-Napthyl 400 16 1-Pyrrolidine H 4-Ethylphenyl 378 17 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Napthyl 400 18 1-Pyrrolidine H 4- 418 Trifluoromethyl- Phenyl 19 1-Pyrrolidine H Trifluoromethyl 342 20 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Chloro-4-Nitro- 429 Phenyl 21 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Thiophene 356 22 1-Pyrrolidine H 4-Tosyl 396 23 1-Pyrrolidine H 3,5 difluoro 386 24 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,3 difluoro- 386 Phenyl 25 1-Pyrrolidine H 3-Nitro-Phenyl 395 26 1-Pyrrolidine H 4-Propylphenyl 392 27 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,4,6 392 Trimethylphenyl 28 1-Pyrrolidine H Methylenethiophen 396 yl 29 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,3,6 404 Trifluorophenyl 30 1-Pyrrolidine H 3-Fluorophenyl 368 31 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,3 Dichlrophenyl 419 32 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,5 386 Difluorophenyl 33 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,3,4 404 Trifluorophenyl 34 1-Pyrroldine H 3-Methoxy-Phenyl 380 35 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Trifluoromethyl 418 Phenyl 36 1-Pyrrolidine H 3,5 Dimethoxy- 410 Phenyl 37 1-Pyrrolidine H 3-Tolyl 364 38 1-Pyrrolidine H 3-Cyano-Phenyl 375 39 1-Pyrrolidine H 3,4,5 Trifluoro- 404 Phenyl 40 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,3,4,5 422 Tetrafluoro- Phenyl 41 1-Pyrrolidine H Cyclobutyl 328 42 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Methoxy-Phenyl 380 43 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Tolyl 364 44 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Chlorophenyl 384 45 1-Pyrrolidine H 4-Butyl-Phenyl 406 46 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,6 419 Dichlorophenyl 47 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,4,6 Trichloro- 453 Phenyl 48 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Quinoxyl 402 49 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,4,5 Trifluoro- 404 Phenyl 50 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,6 Difluoro- 386 Phenyl 51 1-Pyrrolidine H 2-Iodophenyl 476 52 1-Pyrrolidine H 2,4 386 Difiuorophenyl 53 1-Pyrrolidine H Undecanyl 414 54 1-Pyrrolidine H 4-Ethoxy-Phenyl 394 55 1-Pyrrolidine H 4-Trifluormethyl- 436 5-Fluoro-Phenyl 56 1-Pyrrolidine H 2- 436 Trifluoromethyl- 6-Fluoro-Phenyl 57 Dimethyl- H Phenyl 324 amine 58 Dimethyl- H 3,5 393 amine Dichlorophenyl 59 Dimethyl- H 4-Butoxy-Phenyl 396 amine 60 Dimethyl- H 3,5 di- 460 amine (trifluoromethyl) -Phenyl 61 Dimethyl- H 3-Cyano-Phenyl 349 amine 62 Dimethyl- H Cyclopentyl 316 amine 63 Dimethyl- H 2-Napthyl 374 amine 64 Dimethyl- H 3- 410 amine Tri-fluoromethyl- 5-Fluoro-Phenyl 65 Dimethyl- H 3,4,5 Trifluoro- 378 amine Phenyl 66 Dimethyl- H Trifluoromethyl 316 amine 67 Dimethyl- H 4-Ethyl-Phenyl 352 amine 68 Dimethyl- H 3-Chloro-2- 364 amine Thiophene 69 Dimethyl- H 2-Benzothiophene 380 amine 70 Dimethyl- H 4-Butyl-Phenyl 380 amine 71 Dimethyl- H 1-Napthyl 374 amine 72 Dimethyl- H 3,4 Dichloro- 429 amine Benzenesulfonyl 73 Dimethyl- H 2-Chloro-3- 359 amine Pyridinyl 74 Dimethyl- H 6-Chloro-3- 359 amine Pyridinyl 75 Dimethyl- H 4- 392 amine Trifluoromethyl- Phenyl 76 Dimethyl- CH₃ 3,4 407 amine Dichlorophenyl 77 1-Piperidine H 3,4 433 Dichlorophenyl 78 1-Piperidine H 3- 448 Trifluoromethoxy- Phenyl 79 1-Piperidine H 3-Fluorophenyl 382 80 1-Piperidine H 3-Chlorophenyl 398 81 1-Piperidine H 3-Methoxy-Phenyl 394 82 1-Piperidine H 3- 432 Trifluoromethyl- Phenyl 83 1-Piperidine H 2-Tolyl 378 84 1-Piperidine H 2,4 433 Dichlorophenyl 85 1-Piperidine H 2-Chloro-4-Nitro- 444 Phenyl 86 1-Piperidine H 4-Propyl-Phenyl 406 87 1-Piperidine H 4-Methoxyphenyl 394 88 1-Piperidine H 2,3 433 Dichlorophenyl 89 1-Piperidine H 3,4,5 418 Trifluorophenyl 90 1-Piperidine H 3,5 Dimethoxy- 424 Phenyl 91 1-Piperidine H 3-Nitrophenyl 409 92 1-Piperidine H 3,4 400 Difluorophenyl 93 1-Piperidine H 3,5 di- 500 (trifluoromethyl)- Phenyl 94 1-Piperidine H 314 424 Dimethoxyphenyl 95 1-Piperidine H 4-Cyano-Phenyl 389 96 1-Piperidine H 4-Ethylphenyl 392 97 1-Piperidine H 3,5 433 Dichlorophenyl 98 1-Piperidine H 3,5 400 Difluorophenyl 99 1-Piperidine H 3-Bromophenyl 443 100 1-Piperidine H 4-Butylphenyl 420 101 1-Piperidine H 3-Cyanophenyl 389 102 1-Piperidine H 2-Iodophenyl 490 103 1-Piperidine H Phenyl 364 104 1-Piperidine H 4-Nitrophenyl 409 105 1-Piperidine H Trifluomethyl 356

EXAMPLE 106 6-amino-1-indpnone t-butylcarbamate, 106

A mixture of 6-amino-1-indanone (4.41 g) and EtOAc (250 mL) was treated with di-t-butyl-di-carbonate (7.2 g) and the reaction stirred two days. After addition of K₂O₃ (4 g), the reaction was heated to 70 C over night. The mixture was cooled and treated with cold H₂O and extracted with EtOAc. The organics were washed with saturated aqueous citric acid and brine then the solvent was dried and evaporated to give a dark viscous oil that solidified. The material was further purified by hplc eluting with 20% EtOAc-hexane to give a floculant tan solid (5.1 g).

EXAMPLE 107 2-amino-6-t-butylcarbamido-indane, 107

A mixture of 106 (2.5 g), THF (75 mL), ammonia (25 mL), and Pt/C-S (0.9 g) was treated with H₂at 1000 psi for 8 h at 140 C. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the solvent evaporated to give a foam that was purified by radial chromatography eluting with 20% EtOH-2%-NH₄H-CHCl₃ to give a white solid (0.9 g).

EXAMPLE 108 2-m-trifluoromethylbenzamido-6-t-butylcarbamido-indane, 108

A solution of 107 (0.9 g) and a catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine in pyridine (10 mL) was cooled in ice-water as m-trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride (0.9 g) was added dropwise. The cooling was removed and the reaction was stirred over night. The solvent was evaporated, the residue treated with cold H₂O, and the mixture extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were washed with H₂O, 0.2 N HCl, H₂O, aqueous NaHCO₃, the solvent dried and then evaporated to give a white solid (1.42 g).

EXAMPLE 109 6-amino-2-m-trifluromethylbenzamido-indane, 109

A solution of 108 (1.4 g) in EtOAc was cooled in ice-water and treated with a stream of dry HCl for 2 min. After another 10 min, the solvent was evaporated, the residue suspended in cold water, and the mixture made basic. The mixture was extracted with ether, the ether washed with brine, the solvent then dried and evaporated to give a white solid (1 g).

EXAMPLE 110 6-dimethylformamidino-2-m-trifluoromethylbenamido-indane, 110

A mixture of chloromethylene-dimethylammonium chloride (0.1 g) and CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was treated with 109 (0.16 g). The reaction was then treated with triethylamine (0.3 mL) and after 5 min, the solvent was evaporated. The residue was treated with ice-water, the mixture was acidified, and the mixture extracted with ether. The aqueous phase was made basic, the mixture was extracted with ether, and the extracts washed with water and brine. The solvent was evaporated and the residue purified by radial chromatography eluting with 10% EtOH-CHCl₃. The HCl salt crystallized from EtOAc-acetone as a white solid (70 mg), m.p. 239 C, dec.

EXAMPLE 111 6-nitro-1,2-dihydronalthalene, 111

A suspension of 7-nitrotetralone (20 g, 0.105 mol) in MeOH (300 mL) was treated-with NaBH₄(4.1 g) with intermitent cooling . After the addition, cooling was removed and the reaction stirred over night. The reaction was cooled in ice-water and quenched with a solution of MeOH (200 mL) and concentrated HCl (35 mL). The solvent was evaporated, the residue was suspended in H₂O, and the mixture was extracted with CHCl₃. The extracts were dried and the solvent evaporated to give a tan solid. A mixture of the solid, p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.4 g), and toluene (300 mL) was heated to reflux for over night with water being collected in a Dean-Stark trap. The reaction was cooled, washed with H₂O aqueous NaHCO₃, and brine, then the solvent was dried and evaporated to give a dark liquid (15.6 g) that had an nmr consistent with the desired material.

EXAMPLE 112 (+)-trans-1-amino-2-hydroxy-7-nitrotetraline, 112

A solution of 111 (15.6 g) in CH₁Cl₂ (400 mL) was cooled in ice-water and m-chloro-peroxybenzoic acid (42 g of 50-55% pure material) was added in portions over 1 h. Excess oxidant was then destroyed with aqueous sodium thiosulfate. The reaction was filtered and the organics washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, then the solvent was dried and evaporated to give a yellow solid (16.9 g). The solide was suspended in ammonium hydroxide (550 mL) and the mixture heated to 55° C. for 72 h. The solid was collected by filtration and recrystallized from MeOH to give a floculant white solid, m.p. 216-218° C. (12.3 g).

EXAMPLE 113 (+)-trans-1-(3,4-dichlorobenzamido)-2-hydroxy-7-nitrotetraline, 113

A solution of 112 (2.1 g) in warm THF (300 mL) was treated with triethylamine (5 mL) and the solution allowed to come to room temperature. A solution of 3,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (2.3 g) in THF (50 mL) was added dropwise over 20 min. After stirring over night, the solvent was evaporated to give a solid (3.97 g) that had the appropriate nmr spectrum.

EXAMPLE 114 (+)-trans-1-(3,4-dichlorobenzamido)-2-acetoxy-7-nitrotetraline, 114

A mixture of 113 (1.9 g, 0.005 mol) in THF (200 mL), triethylamine (1.3 mL), and a catalystic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine was treated with acetic anhydride (0.9 mL). After stirring over night, the solvent was evaporated and the residue treated with H₂O. After 2 h, the mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were washed with 1 N H₂SO₄, brine, aqueous NaHCO3 and brine, then the solvent was dried and evaporated to give a floculant white solid (1.94 g) that had the appropriate nmr for the desired material.

EXAMPLE 115 (+)-trans-1-(3,4-dichlorobenzamido)-2-acetoxy-7-aminotetraline, 115

A solution of 114 (1.9 g) in DMF (100 mL) was treated with SnCl₂-2H₂O (4 g). After 4 h, additional SnCl₂2H₂O (1 g) was added three times over three days. The solvent was then evaporated, the residue suspended in H₂O-EtOAc, the mixture neutralized with 5N NaOH, and the mixture filtered. The. organics were separated, washed with brine, dried, and the solvent evaporated to give a brown foam (1.9 g).

EXAMPLE 116 (+)-trans-1-(3,4-dichlorobenzamido)-2-acetoxy-7-(pyrrolidinoformamido)tetraline, 116

A solution of pyrrolidine carboxarnide (1.5 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) was treated with POCl₃(0.23 mL). After 1.5 h, the solution was treated with triethylamine (1 mL) and 115 (0.5 g). After stirring over night, the solvent was evaporated, the residue was treated with ice-water, the mixture neutralized, and the mixture extracted with EtOAc. The extracts were washed with brine and the solvent was dried and evaporated to give a dark oil. The oil was purified by radial chromatography eluting with 5% EtOH-CHCl₃ to give a tan solid that was recrystallized from EtOAc to give a white solid (0.18 g), m.p. 229° C., dec.

EXAMPLE 117 (+)-trans-1-(3,4-dichlorobenzamido)-2-hydroxy-7-(pyrrolidinoformamido)tetraline, 117

A solution of 116 (0.27 g) in MeOH (10 mL) was treated with go 0.135 M sodium methoxide (4.9 mL) in MeOH. After 4 h, the solvent was evaporated, the residue was suspended in H₂O and the solid was collected by filtration. The solid was crystallized from EtOAc-ether to give a tan powder, m.p. 206-208° C. 

We claim:
 1. A compound of the Formula I:

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR⁴, —SR⁵, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, halo, —CN, —COR^(4b′), and —OC(O)—R¹⁵; R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₀ alkyl; substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl wherein the alkyl group is substituted with from one to five substituents selected from the group consisting of C₂-C₆ alkenyl, halo, —CF₃, —OR^(4a), —SR^(4a), —CO2R^(6a), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and —CN; wherein R^(4a), R^(5a), and R^(6a) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, and phenyl; C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl; C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; aryl selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl; substituted aryl wherein the aryl group is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl and is substituted with from one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen(s), —CF₃, NO₂, —CN, C₁₋₁₅-alkyl, C₂₋₅-alkenyl, C₂₋₅-alkynyl, —COR^(6a′), —SR^(5a′), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, and phenyl, wherein R^(4a′), R^(5a′), and R^(6a′) are each independently selected from hydrogen, —CF₃, C₁-C₃ alkyl, phenyl, and —C₁-C₃ alkylphenyl and provided that there is not more than one substituent selected from the group consisting of phenyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; heteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl is optionally fused with a phenyl group and is selected from the group consisting of thiophene, pyrrole, furan, oxazole, pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, purine, triazoles, thiadiazoles, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrine, 5,6-cycloheptenopyridine, pyridazines, cinnolines, phthalazines, pyrazines, pyrimidines, quinazolines; substituted heteroaryl wherein the heteroaryl group is optionally be fused with a phenyl group and is selected from the group consisting of thiophene, pyrrole, furan, oxazole, pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, purine, triazoles, thiadiazoles, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrine, 5,6-cycloheptenopyridine, pyridazines, cinnolines, phthalazines, pyrazines, pyrimidines, quinazolines and is substituted at a carbon atom with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆-alkyl, —CF₃, phenyl, benzyl, and thienyl; R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl; R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl; R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbonyl, halo, and C₁-C₃ alkyl; R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl; R¹² is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and phenyl; R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and phenyl; or R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a group of the formula II:

 or II′ wherein the II′ group is a group of Formula II which is unsaturated; or R¹¹ and R¹² together with the nitrogen and carbon to which they are bound can join to form a three to six membered ring; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl, and —OR¹⁶; R¹⁵ is C₁-C₃ alkyl or phenyl; R¹⁶ is C₁-C₃ alkyl; R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —OR⁴, —SR^(5′), C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, halo, —CN, —COR^(4b), and —OC(O)—R^(15′) R^(4b) and R^(4b′) are each independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₃ alkyl; R^(15′) is C₁-C₃ alkyl or phenyl; R^(4′) is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl; R^(5′) is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl; X is selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O, S, NH, carbonyl, and a bond; n′ is 0 to 2; m′ is 0 to 2; n is 0 to 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 2. A compound of claim 1 wherein n is
 1. 3. A compound of claim 2 wherein R¹ is OH.
 4. A compound of claim 2 wherein R² is 3,4 dicloro substituted phenyl.
 5. A compound of claim 2 wherein R² is meta trifluoromethyl substituted phenyl.
 6. A compound of claim 4 wherein R¹ is OH.
 7. A compound of claim 5 wherein R¹ is OH.
 8. A compound of claim 2 wherein R² is a bicyclic aryl group.
 9. A compound of claim 7 wherein R² is naphthyl.
 10. A compound of claim 2 wherein R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a piperidine ring.
 11. A compound of claim 2 wherein formula II is a pyrrolidine ring.
 12. A compound of claim 2 wherein R¹² and R¹³ are each independently selected from C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 13. A compound of claim 12 wherein R² is biphenyl.
 14. A compound of claim 1 wherein n is
 2. 15. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of claim 1 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients therefor.
 16. A method for treating a mammal suffering from or susceptible to a psychotic condition comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 17. A method for treating a mammal suffering from or susceptible to a condition which is associated with the mediation of a muscarinic receptor, comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 18. A method for treating a mammal suffering from or susceptible to a condition which is associated with the mediation of a muscarinic receptor, comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 19. A compound according to claim 3 wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen.
 20. A compound according to claim 19 wherein R¹ is attached at the same position as R¹⁰ and the compound is trans.
 21. A compound according to claim 20 wherein the compound has the formula


22. A compound according to claim 21 wherein R¹⁴ is hydrogen.
 23. A compound according to claim 22 wherein R¹² and R¹³ are independently C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 24. A compound according to claim 23 wherein R¹² is methyl and R¹³ is methyl.
 25. A compound according to claim 22 wherein R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a group of Formula II wherein X is a bond, n′ is 1, m′ is 1 and R¹⁷ is hydrogen.
 26. A compound according to claim 22 wherein R¹² and R¹³ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a group of Formula II wherein X is CH₂, n′ is 1, m′ is 1 and R¹⁷ is hydrogen.
 27. A compound according to anyone of claims 31 and 26 wherein R² is substituted phenyl.
 28. A compound according to claim 27 wherien the phenyl is substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of halogens(s), —CF₃, NO₂, —CN, and C₁₋₅-alkyl.
 29. A compound according to anyone of claims 19 and 26 wherein R² is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl. 